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What are the uses for manganese?
Primarily, it is used as follows:
(1) Metallic manganese is used primarily in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. It is also used in carbon steel, stainless steel, and high-temperature steel, along with cast iron and superalloys.
(2) Manganese compounds have a variety of uses. Manganese dioxide is used in the production of dry-cell batteries, matches, fireworks, and the production of other manganese compounds.
(3) Manganese chloride is used as a catalyst in the chlorination of organic compounds, in animal feed, and in dry-cell batteries, while manganese sulfate is used as a fertilizer, livestock nutritional supplement, in glazes and varnishes, and in ceramics.
(4) Potassium permanganate is used for water purification purposes in water and waste-treatment plants.
Occupational exposures to manganese are by no means limited to welding. The highest exposures are reported among miners.¹ Workers in metal fabrication who produce manganese alloy, manufacturers and users of certain fungicides, and dry alkaline battery manufacturers are also at risk.² The compound MnO2 is used in fireworks, matches and glass production.
1. Pal, PK, et al: Manganese neurotoxicity: a review of clinical features, imaging and pathology. Neurotoxicology; 1999:20:227-38 2. Mergler D, Baldwin M: Early manifestations of manganese neurotoxicity in humans: an update. Environ Res. 1997; 73:92-100 |
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